Africa



A sudden political change could cause people to oppose the new system depending on how severe the change is which could lead to numerous other problems. Nationalism causes the people to take pride in their nation, influencing them to want to work towards strengthening their nation. When they have such a high opinion of their own nation it could cause them to think less of other nations. If two nations have a similar political system it would likely result in a stronger economic relationship between the two, and if they had different political views then they may have a weaker economic relationship. Things such as tragedies or victories could cause in increase in nationalism/uniting people as a nation. Culture such as holidays and language bring people together. Common view points like our freedom of speech.
 * **How can political change cause conflict**
 * **How does the development of nationalism impact people, nations, and empires?**
 * **How can political relationships affect economic relationships?**
 * **What characteristics and factors unite people as a nation?**

=comments on Africa from video=
 * 1830's Europeans brought opium to china in order to get them addicted for better trade
 * Europe forcefully took many Chinese trade territories
 * Europeans where involved in Africa since the 16th century, they wanted Africa to help with industrialization
 * Africa diseases killed many Europeans preventing them from taking over all of Africa
 * Europe had to wait until their medicine and technologies had improved to the point to which they could take Africa
 * European imperialism involved fighting and dying to take what they want
 * Europeans relied on their military power to get nations to do what they wanted
 * As western industries grew so did their influences
 * There was a dependence on intermediate governments, they stayed intact because it was better to join Europe than to fight against them
 * **2nd video on Africa and Europe imperialism**
 * people in colonies suppressed,beaten and killed.
 * Europeans saw colonization as mobile because what the Africans lacked, Europeans had
 * Steam ships let Europeans colonize swiftly
 * Missionaries would convince Africans to change their beliefs
 * by the early 1900 on Liberia and Ethiopia held off against European colonization

[|Questions on Map]

** Like a cyclone, imperialism spins across the globe; militarism crushes peoples, and sucks the blood like a vampire. ** ** By Karl Liebknecht **

He's saying that imperialism destroys things, anything in its way will be flattened and like a cyclone it cant be stopped. Militarism is just brute force that pushes away the people of wherever they are in order to take what they want which would be the blood taking everything from people to resources..

Imperialism became well known influencing many countries to do the same and causing those larger countries to take the smaller ones and their resources in order to take resources.

[|Scramble for Africa markup / Picture detective]

[|graphic organizer]

(Frayer model)

1. According to Kipling, and in your own words, what was the “White Man’s Burden”? Sending the best of their country to other nations in order expose the nations less fit to modern cultures and systems of government. 2. What reward did Kipling suggest the “White Man” gets for carrying his “burden”? Resources, food, raw materials Prestige, and a reward from heaven because this was a good deed and they fulfilled their duty 3. Who did Kipling think would read his poem? What do you think that this audience might have said in response to it? The audience would be the people in charge of colonizing nations, and their response would be how this would totally explain why they where in Africa He wrote it for the people who had interests in imperialism, and they might have felt that this poem supported their cause. 4. What lines of the poem did you find the most interesting and why? Send forth the best ye breed Go send your sons to exile these where the most interesting because it showed how they whites sent their best to the uncivilized parts of the world in order to share their knowledge.

[|Berlin Conference Mark-up]

Berlin 1885: The Division of Africa
 * When the 6 month meetings took place, there where no Africans present
 * They talked of what bounty would be in this new Eden they called "Terra Incognito"
 * Lines drawn in Berlin, are still the boarders of Africa to this day
 * ** Describe the significance of the Berlin Conference in 5 words **:


 * 1) Regulations
 * 2) Industrialization
 * 3) Boarders
 * 4) Misrepresentation
 * 5) Influence

I think the message of this poem is that the white man has all ready "done its duty" with the Natives of America and are beginning to do the same with the Africans, Africans are a great deal weaker than the white man but the white man still puts fear on them with their modern weapons while they still fight with primitive weapons like clubs and arrows.
 * ** What is the message of this poem: **

// Throughout history it has been the inaction of those who could have acted, the indifference //// of those who should have known better, the silence of the voice of justice when it mattered //// that has made it possible for evil to triumph." //** Haille Selassie, Ethiopian emperor, 1892-1975 ** Questions to consider ** : ** The slaughter of thousands of Africans in the name of imperialism and the ravaging of Africa as a whole for its raw materials. To highlight the reasons that led to the division of Africa, and because his country was unharmed and could do nothing but watch as colonies rose around it. Because it was the lack of all these important ideas that led to these European nations doing as they pleased with Africa, no one spoke against Europeans, the Europeans knew that this was something that should have been done to people so technologically behind, and when it came to the actual division and boarders of Africa no African was present on its behalf.
 * What is the perspective of the author? What events might have caused the author to think as he does?
 * Why might the author be making this statement?
 * How does the quote relate to Imperialism in Africa? Explain.

**"On French Colonial Expansion" A Speech before the French Chamber of Deputies, March 28, 1884, by Jules Ferry (1832-1893): Ferry was twice prime minister of France, from (1880-1881, 1883-1885)** // Gentlemen, we must speak more loudly and more honestly! We must say openly that indeed the higher races have a right over the lower races... // // I repeat, that the superior race races have a right because they have a duty. They have the duty to civilize inferior races...In the history of earlier centuries these duties gentlemen have been misunderstood; and certainly when the Spanish soldiers and explorers introduced slavery into Central America, they did not fulfill their duty as men of a higher race....But inour time, I maintain that European nations acquit themselves with generosity, with grandeur, and with sincerity of this superior civilizing duty. //

// I say that French colonial policy, the policy of colonial expansion, the policy that has taken us under the Empire, that has led us to Tunisia, to Madagascar- I say this policy of colonial expansion was inspired by...the fact that a navy such as ours cannot do withtout safe harbors, defenses, supply centers on the high seas...Are you unaware of this? Look at the map of the world. //

Jules Ferry is the author, and his viewpoint is that the superior race has been understood due to the actions of the Spanish in previous centuries. He uses the Spanish soldiers and explorers introducing slavery to central america not fulfilling their duty, so it falls upon the Europeans to carry this duty out. He might be giving the speech to reassure Europeans that this is a noble cause. And they need to have safe harbors. I can tell that people would have said anything if it meant they could continue to advance and improve their nations.
 * Who is the author of this piece of evidence? What is his viewpoint?
 * What justifications does he offer to support his viewpoint?
 * Why might he be giving this speech? What is the purpose of this speech?
 * What does the speech tell you about life and attitudes of that time?

"The Rhodes of Colossus: Striding from Cape Town to Cairo" Published in Punch, or the London Charivari, December 10, 1892.Artists: Linley Sambourne

London Charivari, December 10, 1892. it shows that the Europeans have colonized Africa from coast to coast. The author chose this title because it shows that Britain easily colonized from Capetown up to Cairo. A man mimicking the pose of the Greek statue Colossus of Rhodes with his foot in both Cape town and Cairo showing the British domination of Africa.
 * Where and when was this political cartoon published? What impact might this have on its perspective and bias?
 * What meaning does the title give to the Illustration? Why might the author have chosen the words he did/ (colossus, striding, Cape Town and Cairo)
 * Who is being depicted in this political cartoon? (research cartoon) What objects do you see?
 * What is the artists viewpoint? What evidence from the political cartoon supports your claim?

The author is Mark X of Moshweshew, he's writing this letter to the queen to express the problems he's having with the boers.
 * Who is the author? Why is he writing the letter? What is the purpose?
 * The letter included the names of several individuals and groups. Who are these individuals and groups? How do they impact the meaning of the letter? (you will have to research names and groups as example Boers, Harry Smith....

The Boers were South Africans of Dutch or German descent that would regularly fight with the native populations of Southern Africa and the British empire. They provide evidence of a common enemy among the British and the Basutos, which would help convey a message of real danger from the chief to the British officials. Sir P. Maitland was the governor of the Cape of Good Hope for a short while and was respected by the people of Lesotho when he offered a border dispute solution. His mention adds to the authenticity of the chief's letter, bringing to mind the idea that the British had actually tried to aid the Basutos, but that the Boers were being the rowdy ones. Sir Harry Smith was a lieutenant-general in South Africa during a period of warring between the Xhosa and Khoikhoi against the British. His mention gave proof of the chief's apparent submission to his will, because the old lieutenant-general was a very strict man when it came to civilizing the "savages".


 * Do you think the letter was successful in fulfilling its purpose? Why or why not? Use evidence (quotes) from the letter to support your claim.

No because the British were their with the order to take more of Africa, they only wanted to expand their territory. On top of that the chief was African so the people in Africa would not respect anything he said because he was an "uncivilized savage". The officials also made attempts to make him sign papers to keep the Boers in check. Regardless of what he signed they would continue coming back for more land.

**Source: Ndansi Kumalo, African veteran of the Ndebele Rebellion against British advances in southern Africa, 1896.**

So we surrendered to the White people and were told to go back to our homes and live our usual lives and attend to our crops. We were treated like slaves. They came and were overbearing. We were ordered to carry their clothes and bundles. They harmed our wives and our daughters. How the rebellion started I do not know; there was no organization, it was like a fire that suddenly flames up. I had an old gun. They—the White men—fought us with big guns, machine guns, and rifles. Many of our people were killed in this fight: I saw four of my cousins shot. We made many charges but each time we were defeated.But for the White men’s machine guns, it would have been different.

They were treated like slaves, even though they were instructed to live out their lives normally. The imperialists were overbearing and harmed their wives and daughters. The Africans were unsuccessful because the white man had weapons a great deal more advanced such as modern rifles, guns, and machine guns. The Africans at most had severely outdated guns. Letting the British to easily overpower and slaughter them.
 * How were the the people of southern Africa treated by the imperialists?
 * Why was the African rebellion unsuccessful?


 * Source: Mojimba, African chief, describing a battle in 1877 on the Congo River against British and African mercenaries, as told to a German Catholic missionary in 1907. **

And still those bangs went on; the long sticks spat fire, pieces of iron whistled around us,fell into the water with a hissing sound, and our brothers continued to fall. We ran into our village and they ran after us. We fled into the forest and flung ourselves on the ground. When we returned that evening our eyes beheld fearful things: our brothers, dead, bleeding, our village plundered and burned, and the river full of dead bodies.You call us wicked men, but you White men are much more wicked! You think because you have guns you can take away our land and our possessions. You have sickness in your heads, for this is not justice

The author is Mojimba an African chief, and this is referring to a battle in 1877 on the Congo river between the British and African mercenaries fighting against the chiefs people and the massacre that took place during the battle. The British were obviously stronger than the Africans, they had advanced weaponry allowing them to then plunder and raid the village, the Chiefs side was weaker, so weak in fact that his only option was to "flee" allowing the British to take what they want. The chief sees the British as evil people, using the guns they have to take land away from people that has been theirs for generations as well as their possessions.
 * Who is the author of this source? What does it refer to?
 * Describe the strength of the sides in this battle using evidence from the text.
 * What is the chief's opinion of the British?

**Source: German military officer, account of the 1905 Maji Maji Rebellion in German East Africa, German military weekly newspaper, 1906**.

The chiefs spread it among their people that a spirit, living in the form of a snake, had given a magic medicine to a medicine man. The medicine guaranteed a good harvest, so that in future people would no more need to perform wage labor for foreigners in order to obtain accustomed luxuries. The medicine would also give invulnerability, acting in such a way that enemy bullets would fall from their targets like raindrops from a greased body. It would strengthen women and children for the flight customary in wartime, with the associated hardships and privations, and protect them from being seized by the victorious attackers, who were accustomed to taking women and children with them as war prizes. The medicine consisted of water, maize, and sorghum grains. The water was applied by pouring it over the head and by drinking.

The message was to inform the his officials of this new medicine that the Africans had acquired, he probably sent this to show how uncivilized and easily tricked the Africans were to believe that this medicine actually worked or to warn people about how the Africans are now on this new magic medicine that makes them unbeatable along with never needing to perform wage labor for the foreigners.
 * What is the message the German military officer was trying to send about the East Africans? Give evidence from the document to support your claim.

They probably said such things to intimidate the foreigners, so that they wouldn't want to try to fight the Africans. The medicine would cure them of all the ailments the white man caused them.
 * Why do you think the Africans made such claims?

Smithsonian Institution sponsored African expedition for Theodore Roosevelt, 1909-1910. Photo was used as an illustration in Theodore Roosevelt's book, "African Game Trails" published in 1910.



The person in Theodore Roosevelt, who was the 26th president of the united states. The object is an elephant he has apparently shot down while on a hunting trip. The purpose of this photo is to show Americans what's in Africa, as well as show that the white man can conquer even these enormous animals with their weapons. The social implication would be that it was a wild open land, littered with animals and resources so that the wealthy could go and hunt for their amusement
 * Describe the person and objects in this photo.
 * What is the purpose of the photograph?
 * What economic or social implications does this photo indicate about Africa in 1909?



A multitude of European industries benefited from these resources, Africa had many resources exported from luxuries to fuel to metals that would have been used to craft guns and ships and ammunition I think Rhodesia (Great Britain) had the most valuable colonies because of how these metals and coal where such a key component in industrialization with these resources they could make things for economic and Industrial uses. It showed what the primary resources at the time were being exported and how they could be used. And it lists its economic and industrial uses.
 * What European industries benefited from African resources?
 * Which European country do you feel had the most valuable colonies? Why?
 * How could this document be used to explain the primary reason for European imperialism in Africa?

"Colonialism’s greatest misdeed was to have tried to strip us of our responsibility in conducting our own affairs and convince us that our civilization was nothing less than savagery, thus giving us complexes which led to our being branded as irresponsible and lacking in self-confidence. . . The colonial powers had assimilated each of their colonies into their own economy.  Our continent possesses tremendous reserves of raw material and they, together with its potential sources of power, give it excellent conditions for industrialization. . ." Sekou Toure, West African nationalist, 1962

It explained what the Colonists wrongs were, to insult the Africans and insult not only their way of life but their culture and insist that the Western way of doing things was correct. And after they had stated that Africans were irresponsible and lacking in self-confidence(because of accusations made by the colonial powers.) They had set up colonies to gather the vast amount of resources and ship them to the homeland to improve the conditions for industrialization in Europe.
 * In 1962, what was the response of this West African nationalist to years of colonialism?